Three Doors

1 collaborator

Uri Wilensky (Author)

WHAT IS IT?

You are a contestant on a game show. You, of all people, have made it to the final round, where you have the chance to win some fabulous prize --- a car, a million dollars, eternal youth, etc... The host or hostess of the game show takes you up on stage, where you stand before three doors, marked "0", "1", and "2".

"Your prize is behind one of these three doors. Behind the other two are goats, and you don't want these goats. So, which one will you pick?" she or he says. You make your selection, and reach for the door -- but before you open it, the hostess or host says to you: "All right, now I'm going to give you a choice." She or he opens another one of the doors, one you didn't pick. And sure enough, there's an ugly old goat.

The hostess or host then points to the other door, saying: "If you want, you can change your mind, and pick the last door; the door you didn't pick that I didn't open. So now, which will it be? Your first selection? Or the other door?" You think for a brief moment...

Which will it be? Will you stick with your first choice, or switch to the other door? Does it matter? Do you have better odds of winning the prize by switching or sticking? Or is it even odds either way? (We're assuming here that you want the prize and have an aversion to goats. If you really would prefer the goat, then the prize is the goat, and the two other doors are empty, or contain mulch, whatever...)

This is a classic puzzle in thinking about probability. It has several other names: the 'Monty Hall' puzzle (named after the host of the game show this is taken from: "Let's Make a Deal") and 'Goats-and-Car' being the two most common. The puzzle is based around the questions being asked above, which really boil down to one question at the heart of the matter: which is it better to do, stick or switch?

HOW IT WORKS

An arbitrary number of turtles (around several hundred, usually) gather together at the bottom of the world. They then begin to play this three-doors game over and over again. The prize they can win is a turtle-command: fd 1. If they lose, nothing happens. Thus, the turtles are having a race to the top of the world, and they can only advance in the race if they win a prize.

Turtles determine the results of each round of the contest by themselves, alternately acting as contestant and host or hostess. Also, each turtle has a 'hunch' - a percentage chance that it will switch to the other door. The value of 'hunch' determines a turtle's color. A turtle that always sticks with its original choice of doors has a hunch of 0 and is colored white. A turtle that always switches its choice of doors has a hunch of 100 and is colored black.

HOW TO USE IT

Before you begin playing with the model, read the paragraphs above. Ask yourself what you would do --- stick with your initial pick, or switch to the other door. Why? Try to come up with an argument for your decision. And then, think about the alternative. Suppose you think it's 'better' to switch. Why do you think so? How much better do you think it is? Why might it be better to stick with your initial decision? Think about those questions, and talk about them with some of your peers (explain the scenario if they haven't already heard it).

This model is quite easy to run. First, select the number of turtles you want to be present with the NUMBER slider. (The more, the better, but you don't want to sacrifice too much speed.) When you are ready to begin, press the SETUP button. This will spread turtles randomly across the bottom row of patches.

Make a prediction as to how the different colors of turtles will perform in their race. The turtles will repeatedly play the three-doors game, until one turtle has made it to the top of the world. Finally, when you are all set, press the GO button.

If the GRADATION? switch is on, each turtle will be assigned a random "hunch" between 0 and 100 (instead of exactly 0 or 100). Turtles who tend to "stick" will have a lower hunch and be lighter. Turtles who tend to "switch" will have a larger hunch and be darker.

THINGS TO NOTICE

The main point of this model is demonstrated by the results of the turtles' race. Try to understand these results. Run the model a second time, with the same value for NUMBER and see what happens. Do you accept these results? In light of what you have observed, ask yourself the above questions again. Is it better for a turtle to 'play its hunch'?

Try running the model with many more turtles, or just a few turtles. How does the number of turtles relate to the behavior?

In the first paragraph of HOW TO USE IT above, it asks you to discuss this puzzle with some of your peers. Important 'things to notice' are their own arguments one way or another. How vehement were their beliefs? How sound were their arguments? How did you react to what they said, and how did they react to the results of this project?

The host or hostess will always open a door that contains a goat --- we're assuming that he or she has perfect information about the location of the prize. Of what importance is this to the model? How would the model be different if she or he opened a random door instead of a goat-door?

THINGS TO TRY

Turn the GRADATION? switch on. How does the pattern of turtles change?

Look at the code for this model, especially if you disagree with its results. Try to step through the procedure make-choices. Do you think this procedure, and the model as a whole, is fair?

Next, try writing your own procedure for one round of the three-doors contest. Compare its performance with what you've seen here.

Find someone who hasn't yet seen this model, or thought about this problem before. Ask them for their opinion, and listen to their argument in defense of their choice. Try not to argue with them (yet), just hear them out. Then have them run this model, and see what they think. If you've looked at the code, try to explain to them what is really going on.

EXTENDING THE MODEL

This model has been kept very simple for a good reason --- to allow you to expand upon it at your leisure. There are several directions in which it could go. First of all, as mentioned above, try writing a different set of procedures for running a round of the contest.

Change the number of doors from three to four, or five, or n (where n could be a slider value). How will this change the model? You also might consider having several doors lead to prizes.

If there are n doors, and m different kinds of prizes, as suggested above, you could assign different values to the different prizes. Maybe create different breeds of turtles, each of which has a different set of prize values?

Regardless of what you do, always make sure to make a prediction about what you think will happen, and to compare the actual results with what you see.

Try inventing a way to display how well each rule does, on average. You could use monitors or plots.

Create a plot of the effectiveness of the different strategies and setups of the problem described above.

NETLOGO FEATURES

As the turtles are all competing with one another, it's important that they all take the same amount of time to 'do a round'. If you have many turtles, it's possible that some turtles could cheat, and get ahead of the others, just by getting through the code quicker. Thus, we make use of an ask turtles block in the go procedure. Whenever you use ask, all the agents must finish the block of commands before any agents will continue. This makes sure that all turtles have caught up to the end of the block.

Note that it does no harm to have a turtle determine the prize door itself --- it does not use this knowledge when deciding which door to pick.

HOW TO CITE

If you mention this model in a publication, we ask that you include these citations for the model itself and for the NetLogo software:

Wilensky, U. (1998). NetLogo Three Doors model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/ThreeDoors. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu.

This model was created as part of the project: CONNECTED MATHEMATICS: MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEX PHENOMENA THROUGH BUILDING OBJECT-BASED PARALLEL MODELS (OBPML). The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (Applications of Advanced Technologies Program) -- grant numbers RED #9552950 and REC #9632612.

This model was converted to NetLogo as part of the projects: PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. Converted from StarLogoT to NetLogo, 2001.

Comments and Questions

Please start the discussion about this model! (You'll first need to log in.)

Click to Run Model

globals [
  done?  ; indicates whether the race is over or not yet
]

turtles-own [
  guess      ; what each turtle guesses to be the right door
  prize      ; where the prize is located
  other-door ; the number of the door that the host or hostess does NOT open
  hunch      ; the bias each turtle has to switch or not to switch doors
]

to setup
  clear-all
  ask patches [ set pcolor green ]
  set done? false  ; the race is not over yet
  crt number
  [
    ifelse (gradation?)
      [ set hunch (random-float 100) ]             ; gradation is on, so give a hunch BETWEEN 0 and 100
      [ set hunch ((random 2) * 100 )]       ; gradation is off, so give a hunch of 0 or 100
    set color scale-color gray hunch 100 0 ; set the color based on the hunch of the turtles
    set heading 0
    ; spread the turtles out across the bottom of the world
    setxy random-xcor min-pycor
  ]
  reset-ticks
end 

to go
  if done? [ stop ]
  ask turtles
  [
    make-choices  ; choose a door that the turtles will choose, a door for the prize, and set the other door
    do-switch?    ; should each turtle switch to the other door?
    award-prizes  ; make the winning turtles go forward and don't do anything if the race has been won
  ]
  tick
end 

; choose a door that the turtles will choose (guess), a door for the prize (prize), and set the other door that is not opened (other)

to make-choices
  set prize (random 3)
  set guess (random 3)
  if (prize = 0)  ; the prize is behind door number 0
  [
    ifelse (guess = 0)
    ; the turtle guessed door 0
      [ set other-door ((random 2) + 1) ]  ; since the prize is in the door the turtle picked, pick door 1 or 2 to not be opened by the host or hostess
    ; the turtle guessed door 1 or 2
    ; it doesn't matter which door is picked to be not opened since both doors 1 and 2 have the junk behind them
      [ set other-door 0 ]
  ]
  if (prize = 1)  ; the prize is behind door number 1
  [
    ifelse (guess = 0)
    ; the turtle guessed door 0- a door with junk behind it
      [ set other-door 1 ]  ; so set the door not to be opened to door 1, the door with the prize behind it.  now door 2- with junk behind it- can be opened.
      [
        ifelse (guess = 1)
        ; the turtle guessed door 1
          [ set other-door ((random 2) * 2) ]  ; since the prize is in the door the turtle picked, pick door 0 or 2 to not be opened by the host or hostess
        ; the turtle guessed door 2- a door with junk behind it
          [ set other-door 1 ]  ; so set the door not to be opened to door 1, the door with the prize behind it.  now door 0- with junk behind it- can be opened.
      ]
  ]
  if (prize = 2)  ; the prize is behind door number 2
  [
    ifelse (guess = 0)
    ; the turtle guessed door 0- a door with junk behind it
      [ set other-door 2 ]  ; so set the door not to be opened to door 2, the door with the prize behind it.  now door 2- with junk behind it- can be opened.
      [
        ifelse (guess = 1)
        ; the turtle guessed door 1- a door with junk behind it
          [ set other-door 2 ]    ; so set the door not to be opened to door 2, the door with the prize behind it.  now door 0- with junk behind it- can be opened.
        ; the turtle guessed door 2
          [ set other-door (random 2) ]  ; since the prize is in the door the turtle picked, pick door 0 or 1 to not be opened by the host or hostess
      ]
  ]
end 

; should each turtle switch to the other door?  this is based on the hunch in each turtle

to do-switch?
  if (random-float 100 < hunch)
    [ set guess other-door ]
end 

; make the winning turtles go forward and don't do anything if the race has been won

to award-prizes
  if (guess = prize)
  [
    if (not done?)  ; if the race is not done, move the winners forward by 1 patch
    [ fd 1 ]
  ]
  ; if a turtle has reached the top of the world, set done? to be true
  if (ycor = max-pycor)
    [ set done? true ]
end 


; Copyright 1998 Uri Wilensky.
; See Info tab for full copyright and license.

There are 10 versions of this model.

Uploaded by	When	Description	Download
Uri Wilensky	over 11 years ago	Updated to NetLogo 5.0.4	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	about 12 years ago	Updated version tag	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	about 12 years ago	Updated to version from NetLogo 5.0.3 distribution	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	almost 13 years ago	Updated to NetLogo 5.0	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	over 14 years ago	Updated from NetLogo 4.1	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	over 14 years ago	Updated from NetLogo 4.1	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	over 14 years ago	Updated from NetLogo 4.1	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	over 14 years ago	Updated from NetLogo 4.1	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	over 14 years ago	Model from NetLogo distribution	Download this version
Uri Wilensky	over 14 years ago	Three Doors	Download this version

Attached files

File	Type	Description	Last updated
Three Doors.png	preview	Preview for 'Three Doors'	over 11 years ago, by Uri Wilensky	Download

This model does not have any ancestors.

This model does not have any descendants.

NetLogo